Furthermore, the flapping flight of the Hummingbird is also discussed in this work. This study highlights the traits of the eagle that are currently being studied by the authors to design an energy-efficient UAV with slotted wingtips requiring low actuation power. There have been few works regarding slotted wings but the incorporation of them in modern-day aircraft and their actuation remains a major challenge. The traits of an eagle wherein it soars for free, its wing morphing techniques, its slotted wingtips, and its efficient control surfaces that can perform roll and yaw operations with simple actuations can help create energy-efficient Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with optimum aerodynamic traits. Hence it depends on the incident airspeed or the birds’ speed and also their genetic encoding. During soaring, birds either extract energy from the shear wind field for dynamic soaring or from thermals for thermal soaring. Apart from their aerodynamic traits, a few aspects of their wing morphing techniques and their evolutionary hereditary traits are also being highlighted.īird flight comprises soaring or gliding which are considered unpowered modes of flight, and flapping or hovering which are considered powered modes of flight. Maneuverability and enhanced aerodynamic optimality could be the outset of extreme sustainability measures with these birds paving the way with their evolutionary flight measures. These birds have demonstrated a wide range of aerodynamic traits which if mimicked to near perfection could pave the way for new-age drones. From the hummingbird’s aerodynamics to its hovering techniques all of its main features are being highlighted. This review also highlights the aerodynamics of flapping specifically of the hummingbird. These works when combined with compliant mechanisms can help improve roll and yaw control of a UAV along with drag reduction. The traits discussed are being used to design mechanical control surfaces and wingtips that resemble the eagle’s slotted wings and control surfaces. This work acts as a base for current and future works involving slotted wingtips and bionic control surfaces. The aim is to highlight the bio-mimicable traits of an eagle which can be incorporated into bionic UAVs. Apart from this, few aspects of the eagle’s wing morphing techniques, its aerofoil, and its aerodynamic stability are also being highlighted. PMID 19324747.This review tends to shed light on the eagle’s aerodynamic attributes along with its inbuilt structural control surfaces that facilitate its high maneuverability. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. "Flight costs of long, sexually selected tails in hummingbirds". ^ Ducks Unlimited - Wet-lands conversation Canvasback.
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